INVERTED SENTENCE

Inverted sentences are sentences with an irregular verb placement of the verb before the subject. Follow the instructions below to learn how and when inverted sentences are used in English.

Use of Question Form
In this case, the question form (auxiliary + subject + main verb) takes the place of the standard positive sentence structure (i.e. He goes to work every day):
Examples
Not only do I enjoy classical music, but I also have a season ticket to the symphony.
Seldom has the boss been so upset!
In this case, the question form is substituted for standard sentence structure in a statement. Generally, an inversion is used to stress the uniqueness of an event and begins with a negative.

Negative Adverbials
Time expressions: never, rarely, seldom
These time expressions are used with a perfect form or with modals and often include comparatives:
Examples
Never have I been more insulted!
Seldom has he seen anything stranger.
 
Time expressions: hardly, barely, no sooner, or scarcely
These time expressions are used when a there are a succession of events in the past.
Examples
Scarcely had I got out of bed when the doorbell rang.
No sooner had he finished dinner, when she walked in the door.
 
After 'Only' Expressions such as 'only after', 'only when', 'only then', etc.
'Only' is used with a time expression.
Examples
Only then did I understand the problem.
Only after understanding the situation does the teacher make a comment.
 
After 'Little'
'Little' is used in a negative sense.
Examples
Little did he understand the situation.
Little have I read concerning nanotechnology.
 
Inversion after 'So', 'Such', and 'That'
'So'
'So + adjective ... that' combines with the verb 'to be'.
Examples
So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep.
So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare.
 
'Such'
'So + to be + noun ... (that)':
Examples
Such is the moment that all greats traverse.
Such is the stuff of dreams.
 
Inverted Conditional Forms
Sometimes conditional forms are inverted as a means of sounding more formal. In this case, the conditional 'if' is dropped and the inverted forms takes the place of the 'if clause'.
Examples
Had he understood the problem, he wouldn't have committed those mistakes.
Should he decide to come, please telephone.

Subjunctive

Subjunctive

The structure of the subjunctive is extremely simple. For all verbs except the past tense of be, the subjunctive is the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to"):

be (past)	be (present)	all other verbs (past & present)
I were you were he, she, it were we were you were they were	I be you be he, she, it be we be you be they be	I work you work he, she, it work we work you work they work

The subjunctive does not change according to person (I, you, he, etc).

Use of the Subjunctive

We use subjunctives mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:

·         wants to happen

·         anticipates will happen

·         imagines happening

For Examples:

·         The President requests that you be present at the meeting.

·         It is vital that you be present at the meeting.

·         If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.

The subjunctive is typically used after two structures:

·         the verbs: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest + that

·         the expressions: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that

Here are some examples with the subjunctive:

·         The manager insists that the car park be locked at night.

·         The board of directors recommended that he join the company.

·         It is essential that we vote as soon as possible.

·         It was necessary that every student submit his essay by the weekend.

1.      PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVES

Present SUBJUNCTIVES is expectation in the present and in the future. The characteristics of the Present SUBJUNCTIVES is said acts in the form of "Bare Infinitive".

Examples:

·         May God bless you!

·         Have a good time!

·         Long live the President!

2.      PAST SUBJUNCTIVES

Past SUBJUNCTIVES is expectation that does not happen in the present. The characteristics of the Past tenses SUBJUNCTIVES is used in the form of "Past".

Word / phrase that is often used in the Past SUBJUNCTIVES are:

•  Wish
• If Only
• As if
• As though
• Would rather
• It's time

Wish

“Wish” refers to:

a. Indicates Future Time

Pattern: S + wish + would / could + Verb

Example:

• It's raining. She wishes it would stop. 
• I wish Fatimah could come.

b. Indicates Present Time 
Pattern: S + wish  ... + S + Past Verb 
Examples: 

• They wish I were there.
  (Mereka berharap saya ada di sana)
  Faktanya: Saya tidak ada di sana
• She wishes I would not come.
  (Dia berharap saya tidak akan datang)
  Faktanya: Saya akan datang

If Only

"If Only" means that we use here is "If".

Examples: 

• If only she were not here.
  (Seandainya dia tidak ada disini)
• If only they could speak English.
  (Seandainya mereka bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris)

Would Rather

It can be used to describe the "prefer", would rather can also be used on SUBJUNCTIVES, which means the same, "prefer".

Example: 

• I would rather you went now.
• They would rather I not call them.

As if / As though

As if and As though having the same function and meaning, which is "as if".

Example: 

•  Edi talks as if he knew everything.
• They act as though they were the real actors.

It's Time

It's time they mean by "now time". There are 2 patterns of It's Time, that are: 

·         It's time + to infinitives

·         It's time + Subject + Past Form

Examples: 

• It's time to get up.
• It's time to go to the movie.
• It's time you sent the letter.
• It's time I went to school.

3. PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVES

Past Perfect SUBJUNCTIVES is an expression of expectation that does not happen in the past. The characteristic of the Past Perfect SUBJUNCTIVES is the verb in the Past Perfect form. 
Examples: 

• I wished they had invited me.
• You talked as if you had been there.
• They would rather I had called them.
• If only I had rejected him.

Informal Situation
Examples: 

• She talked as if she was there.
• I wish she is here.

We usually use the subjunctive were instead of "was" after if (and other words with similar meaning). Look at these sentences:

·         If I were you, I would ask her.

Suppose she were here. What would you say?

Why do we say "I were", "he were"?

We sometimes hear things like "if I were you, I would go" or "if he were here, he would tell you". Normally, the past tense of the verb "to be" is: I was, he was. But the if I were you structure doesn’t use the past simple tense of the verb "to be". It uses the past subjunctive of the verb "to be". In the following examples, you can see that we often use the subjunctive form were instead of "was" after:

·         If

·         as if

·         wish

·         suppose

Formal (The were form is correct at all times.)	Informal (The was form is possible in informal, familiar conversation.)
If I were younger, I would go.	If I was younger, I would go.
If he weren't so mean, he would buy one for me.	If he wasn't so mean, he would buy one for me.
I wish I weren't so slow!	I wish I wasn't so slow!
I wish it were longer.	I wish it was longer.
It's not as if I were ugly.	It's not as if I was ugly.
She acts as if she were Queen.	She acts as if she was Queen.
If I were you, I should tell her.	Note: We do not normally say "if I was you", even in familiar conversation.

Some fixed expressions use the subjunctive. Here are some examples:

·         Long live the King!

·         God bless America!

·         Heaven forbid!

·         Be that as it may, he still wants to see her.

·         Come what may, I will never forget you.

·         We are all citizens of the world, as it were.

Conditional Sentence

THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentences (If Clauses) are used in English to state a condition for the occurrence or existence of something.

            If you blend strawberries, the strawberries will be destroyed.

Here, the strawberries will be destroyed on the condition that you blend it.

There are three types of conditional sentences.

Conditional sentences type 1: probable (possibility)

1.      The verb in the if-clause is in the present tense; the verb in the main clause is in the future simple.
If+Subject+V(s/es)+Subject+Will+V₁
Example:

·         If he comes late in this interview, he will loss the opportunity to join with this company.

·         If you meet Tania, ask her to go to my house.

·         If you don’t study hard, you will get bad mark.

·         If you give your reasons, she won’t be angry.

·         If they ask you to their party, will you come?

·         If he asks you to marry, will you accept him?

2.      Possible variations of the basic form

a.       Variations of the main clause

If + present + may/might (possibility)

·         If this meeting is over, we may go home.

·         If you get good grades, you may vacation to China.

If + present + may (permission) or can (permission or ability)

·         If it stops raining we can go out.

·         If you finish your assignment we can watch movie.

If + present + must, should or any expression of command, request or advice

·         If you want to go out, you must ask permission to your dad.

·         If you see Bian tomorrow would you ask him to call me?

If +present + another present tense

If + two present tenses is used to express automatic or habitual results:

·         If you chill the water, it turns to ice.

·         If you drop a glass, it will shatter.

b.      Variations of the if-clause

If + present continuous, to indicate a present action or a future arrangement.

·         If you are looking for your book, you’ll find it on the table.

·         If you are going to library, I’ll accompany you.

If + present perfect

·         If she has read the book, I’ll borrow it.

·         If you have finished your meeting, I’ll pick you up.

For example:

·         If he walks he’ll not get an accident. 

·         Animals die if they don’t get water and foods.

·         The cats will scratch you if you disturb their activities.

·         If your meals are cooked, you may serve it.

·         If it still snowing we can go out for ice scatting.

·         If you want to win this match, you must work hard.

·         If you want to buy something, you must ask your mom to pay it.

·         If you’re waiting for me, you’d better wait in my room.

·         If Indra is looking for his shoes, he’ll find in the family room.

·         If they have spare time, we’d better go to library today.

Conditional sentences type 2

1.      The verb in the if-clause is in the past tense; the verb in the main clause is in the conditional tense

·         If I had a car, I would pick you up.

·         If my mother tried to wake my young brother, he would cry loudly.

2.      Type 2 is used:

a.       When the supposition is contrary to known facts:

·         If I rode a motorcycle, I’d be in time for meeting. (But I don’t ride motorcycle.)

·         If I were rich, I’d buy some skirts for you. (But I don’t rich.)

b.      When we don’t expect the action in the if-clause to take place:

·         If you came to my house, I’d make you cakes. (But I don’t expect you to come in.)

·         If I wore colorful clothes, everyone would laugh at me. (But I don’t intend to wear it.)

c.       Sometimes, rather confusingly, type 2 can be used as an alternative to type 1 for perfectly possible plans and suggestions:

·         Will Toni be in time if he rides motorcycle?

·         Will you marry me if I have a job?

3.      Possible variations of the basic form

a.       Variations of the main clause

·         If you worked again, you would finish.

·         If I knew your house I could come to yours.

b.      Variations of he if-clause

Instead of if + simple past we can have:

If + past continuous

·         I hate traveling. If we were staying at home I’d feel much happier.

·         If my motorcycle was working I would drive you to the supermarket.

If + past perfect

·          If she had taken my advice she would be a winner now.

·         If she had finished her task she would be free now.

For example:

·         If I had much money, I would treat you.

·         If someone tried to get closer with me, I would tell my mother.

·         If I were you, I’d spend my holiday to traveling.

·         If I were twenty fifth years old, I’d marry with a beautiful woman.

·         If a thief came into my house at night, I’d scream.

·         If my mother didn’t go to Holland for shopping, I’d pleasure.

·         Will you accept me if I say that I love you?

·         Will you angry with me if I say the truth?

·         If you prepared the materials you would succeed in this exam.

·         If you had taken the umbrella you would not get wet.

Conditional sentences type 3

For example:

·         If I known that you were coming I would have make delicious meals for you.

·         At the time of the heavy rain I was sleeping in my mothers’ room. If my friends had not been using my room I would have been sleeping there.

·         I was finishing my task. If I hadn’t been finishing it I’d have been bad mark.

·         If you had prepared the materials this presentation would not have delayed.

·         If you will wait the minutes I’ll make sure if my father is free.

·         If she won’t meet me I’ll send him a letter.

·         If I would like to come he’ll get an armful of roses for me.

·         If you should have any problems in turning on this refrigerator call this number.

·         If my mother was here she’d known what to cook.

·         I won’t give up for you even if the problems come in.

Tugas 2 Structure III

Nama   : Wulan Yanudiasti

NIM    : A320120295

The causative is a common structure in English. It is used when one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something. This page will explain how causatives are formed, and how to use them. Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen. In other words, when I have something done for me I cause it to happen. In other words, I do not actually do anything, but ask someone else to do it for me. This is the sense of causative verbs. 

Let

Examples:

·       John let me drive his new car.

·       Will your parents let you go to the party?

·       I don't know if my boss will let me take the day off.

·       Jane let her son go out

·       They let the children play in the yard

·       I'll let you borrow my bike.

·       Mark’s dad let him play in the baseball game.

·       My boss let me leave early from work.

·       They are going to let me enter the ancient text archives to do research.

·       Jamie always lets her kids have slumber parties on the weekends.

·       Ralph is letting his son go to the concert.

Make

Examples:

·       My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.

·       Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?

·       She made her children do their homework.

·       The teacher made the students work in groups

·       Our boss made us work extra hours.

·       The robbers made us lie on the floor.

·       The judge made me give him my driver’s license.

·       My boss makes me finish the daily report each day before I go home.

·       I made my little sister give me half of her candy.

·       Our teacher is making us bring our homework to him tomorrow.

·       Ralph had made us promise not to tell what he did before he entered the forbidden zone.

Have

Examples:

·       Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.

·       Please have your secretary fax me the information.

·       I had the mechanic check the brakes.

·       They had John arrive early.

·       She had her children cook dinner for her.

·       I had my hair cut last Saturday.

·       She had the car washed at the weekend.

·       I had Jimmy fix the car

·       I had my brother feed the dog all week.

·       Susan had her brother do her homework.

·       The police had the suspect stop his car.

·       We had the carpenter fix our window.

Get

Examples:

·       Susie got her son to take the medicine even though it tasted terrible.

·       How can parents get their children to read more?

·       The government TV commercials are trying to get people to stop smoking.

·       They got their house painted last week.

·       Tom got his car washed yesterday.

·       He got the mechanic to repair the machine.

·       She got him to read more.

·       I got Jae Won to pick me up in the car.

·       She got her hair cut.

·       I got my brother to feed the dog all week.